Classical Mythology - Odyssey Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Classical Mythology - Odyssey - Research Paper Example He considered himself as having the same status with King Oedipus (Schefold & Giuliani, 29). This meant that people had to get to the king through him. He appeared to have the capability to be a bother to the people if he was the king. However, Creon argued that he was the one who made Oedipus the king. After Laius death, the king of Thebes was Creon. However, after his city was tormented by the Sphinx, he announced that anyone with a solution would get both his sister, Jocasta, and his crown. He never went back to that promise.  Creon and Odyssey tend to share a number of similarities. None of the characters seems to be entirely good or bad. Creon is known to have come up with a harsh law that discouraging people from mourning Polyneices. The punishment for breaking that rule would be death. According to Creon, burying and mourning Polyneice was considered to be a criminal act. The penalty was death by stoning in a public square. However, after discovering Antigone was involved in burying Polyneices, he issued a different punishment to her. This revealed that he is not as terrible as he appeals. He ordered that both Antigone and Ismene be guarded well (Marks et al, 53). Creon appears to be stubborn with regard to the harsh law he had proposed. Odysseus, who was the king of Ithaca, appeared to be victorious for ten years. He effectively defended Ithaca in the period of the Trojan War. Although he appeared to be a noble person, it indulged in adultery and forsook his wife, Penelope. This revealed that he was not as respectable as many might have thought. Odysseus lay with his wife every night but was insensitive to her desire.  Creon and Odysseus appeared to be flawed in their character. Creon appeared to have excessive pride. He claimed to have exclusive power to give orders in the entire city. As the king, he was the only one issuing orders in the city. His character came out as domineering and insensitive (Beye, 17).  

Problem gambling Essay Example for Free

Problem gambling Essay Gambling is something that people are capable of enjoying once in a while, but for others it can turn into an activity that is hard to control. Gambling is the act of risking money, property, or something of value on an activity that has an uncertain outcome. This can include, lotteries and bingos, card games, going to casinos, buying multiple kinds of tickets, making bets, and games such as pool, golf, or arm wrestling. Gambling can be legal as well as illegal, any sort of gambling managed by the government or by regulations set by the government is legal, and any sort of gambling that is not managed by regulations is illegal. Gambling doesn’t have one specific cause, and the cause can be different for everyone. People who have bipolar disorder, Parkinson’s disease and restless leg syndrome have been observed to develop an addiction to gambling. Bipolar disorder because exorbitant spending is known to be a symptom and can take form in gambling. Parkinson’s and restless leg syndrome, because of the theory that the medications can increase the activity of dopamine in the brain as a culprit. Other causes can include, emotional conditions, schizophrenia, mood problems, antisocial personality disorder, and alcohol or drug addictions. People who have problems with gambling usually spend a lot of time doing so and don’t leave much time for family, friends, and important events. Bigger bets begin to get placed and they happen more often, which can lead to growing debts causing the person to borrow money from friends or family. Those with problems can’t fully stop gambling but would rather â€Å"cut back,† and can also become bad-tempered, depressed, withdrawn, or restless if they aren’t able to gamble. Gambling can have some very serious effects on the gambler, as well as those around him/her. Debt, bankruptcy, poverty, theft, prostitution, and suicide issues can all be side effects of gambling. Families with people those who have an addiction to gambling are more at risk of experiencing domestic violence and child abuse. And children of compulsive gamblers have a higher chance of developing depression, behavior problems, and substance abuse. There are many reasons for gambling and usually it is for fun or excitement, to escape or forget problems, to win money, or to feel challenged. In Canada, gaming is the largest  entertainment industry being the same size as movies, TV, recorded music, and professional sports combined. During 2007, 70.7% of adults gamble, and the most common gaming activities among Canadian adults are lotteries and instant-win tickets. About 3.2 of adults, and 2.2% of youth, are affected by moderate to severe problem gambling. A survey conducted in 2001-2006 suggests that the provinces, which have the highest rates of gambling, are Saskatchewan and Manitoba, and Quebec and New Brunswick have the lowest. Gambling can be overcome, as there are multiple ways to fix your problem. Many participate in gamblers anonymous or go to psychotherapy. Medications have been discovered which help reduce the urge to gamble, or thrill that comes with it. Financial counseling and self-help interventions are also ways to go about fixing your addiction. 70% of people who have gambling problems most likely also have another psychiatric issue; therefore they may need more than one type of treatment for their best chance to overcome their problem(s). My personal viewpoint on gambling is that, it’s not always a bad thing if you can keep it under control, and if it is legal. I think it’s a good way to have fun if you know your limits. If you have gambling problems it can become quite serious, which in that case you need to get some sort of help and realize it is not the best lifestyle. After doing this report I realize that it is an important issue that I was not fully aware of, and that it can be harmful to ones present and future just as much as alcohol and drug addictions. Bibliography http://www.onhealth.com/gambling_addiction/article.htm https://dl.cssd.ab.ca/d2l/lms/content/viewer/view.d2l?tId=2157962ou=1868624 http://www.problemgambling.ca/EN/Documents/FA_GamblingProblemGamblinginCanada.pdf

Theories of Attachment and Disorders

Theories of Attachment and Disorders Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Attachment and Separation Disorders of Attachment Conclusion Bibliography Introduction The demand for literature on parenting and child rearing has increased exponentially over the past few decades. Parents, teachings and other professionals are being coming increasingly aware of the importance of the early relationship between mother and infant in determining future success in intimate, social and professional relationships. Over the centuries there have been a number of approaches to parenting, some promoting a formal, distant relationship, encouraging independence. However, more recently the relationship between a child and his or her primary care-giver (particularly the mother) has been shown to form the corner stone of future emotional functioning. Bowlbys (1980) theory of infant attachment explains how an infants first experience with his or her mother influences the formation of mental representation of the self and of others. The representation of the self determines the individuals sense of self worth, of how worthy one feels of receiving love. The representat ion of others shapes how the individual interprets the world and others as being reliable and trustworthy, or unreliable and not to be trusted. The development of these cognitive processes is rooted in the style of attachment an infant forms with his or her mother. The follow essay will provide an overview of attachment processes and styles and will consider the long-term impact of these. Attachment and Separation The origins of attachment theory are heavily rooted in the observations of psychologist John Bowlby and the subsequent contributions of Mary Ainsworth and others. Attachment can be understood as the tone of affection that exists between two people (or animals) and is described by Bowlby (1969: 194) as the lasting psychological connectedness between human beings. According to Bowlby, this occurs when the relationship between the mother and infant is loving and intimate, and one from which both receive enjoyment and satisfaction. Attachment differs from bonding in that bonding entails the emotional feelings that a mother experiences for her infant and does not include an element of security. Kaplan and Sadock (1998) identify phases of attachment: 1. Pre-attachment Phase (birth – 12 weeks) – characterized by babies using their eyes to orientate themselves to their mother, following her with their eyes and turning towards her voice. 2. Attachment Making Phase (12 weeks – 6 months) – sees the infant developing an attachment to more than one person in their environment (eg. Mother and father). 3. Clear Cut Attachment Phase (6 months – 24 months) – the infant shows obvious signs of distress when removed from mother and seeks proximity with mother on her return and is easily soothed by her. 4. Fourth Phase (25 months and onwards) – the child views the mother as separate. Bowlby (1969) proposed that from birth an infant will constantly seek proximity to his or her mother so as to gain comfort and security. This seeking of proximity, according to Bowlby, can be partly explained as an attachment behavioral system based on the evolutionary process of natural selection. Accordingly, only those who maintain close proximity to their mother are safe from danger and more likely to survive the potential threats of their environment. Early studies by Harry Harlow (1958), a psychologist intrigued by love, relieved the attachment needs of monkeys. One particular study showed that young monkeys, removed at birth from their mother and then given the choice between a wire monkey offering food or a wire monkey covered in cloth (yet without food), would opt for the comfort of the soft wire monkey over food. This experiment showed that attachment is more than a need for food, but includes strong elements of a need for love and affection. According to Bowlby (1969, 1980) the affectional bond between mother and child has a far reaching impact, continuing throughout life. He identified four primary characteristics of attachments: 1. Safety – The carer provides the child with a safe haven; a place where he or she can return when feeling threatened. Here the child will receive acceptance and comfort in times of distress. 2. Security – The carer provides the child with a sense of security. The child feels confident to explore his or her environment. 3. Proximity – The child seeks to maintain close proximity to the carer; thereby maintaining a sense of safety and comfort. 4. Separation – When separated from the carer, the child becomes distressed and seeks proximity with the carer on his or her return and is readily soothed by him or her. Bowlby found that achieving satisfactory proximity in times of distress will result in feelings of relief, however, should the mother fail to respond to the infants attempts at receiving proximity (through crying), this will result in one of two secondary strategies: 1) Deactivation is the repression of attachment needs and avoidance of seeking proximity; 2) Hyperactivation is the continual, often unsuccessful and frustrating, attempts at attaining proximity. Bowlby (1969, 1980) highlights the importance of the quality of the mothers responsiveness and sensitivity to the infants needs in the formation of healthy, secure attachment styles. A mother who responds with sensitivity to her infants cries helps the infant contain his or her anxieties, and mirrors for the infant emotional regulation. Later, the child will be able to be a container for his or her own emotions. Bowlby (1969, 1980) explains how a responsive mother provides a secure base for the child to explore his or her enviro nment free of fear and anxiety. However, an insensitive or inconsistent mother creates, for the child, a sense of insecurity evoking feelings of anxiety and avoidance behavior. Mary Ainsworth, a colleague of Bowlby, built on Bowlbys theory. Ainsworth observed the significant influence the early attachment between mother and baby had on present and future behavior. This researcher, for example, found that by soothing a baby when they cry reduced future crying behavior. Also, Ainsworth found that secure attachment reduced anxiety and that bodily contact between mother and baby nurtured the development of future self-reliance as apposed to clinging behavior (Ainsworth, 1985). Ainsworth, Blehar, Walters and Walls (1978) undertook a study to explore Bowlbys theory. These researchers developed a study called the Stranger Situation, which sought to observe the attachment related behavior of infants when separated from and later reunited with their mother. The process of the stranger situation involved the mother and child initially being placed in the same room; a stranger would then enter the room while the mother left. The stranger would then leave the room and the mother would return and comfort her child. Again the mother would leave and the stranger would return. Finally, the mother would return to the room and comfort her child. Based on the childs behavior through this process, Ainsworth and colleagues were able to identify three distinct attachment styles: 1. Secure Attachment – A securely attached child will be seen to freely explore his or her environment in the presence of his or her mother. When the mother leaves, this child will show obvious distress and will seek proximity with his or her mother on her return, being readily comforted by her. 2. Avoidant Attachment – Children who failed to seek proximity to his or her mother were identified has having an avoidant attachment style. These children were seen as exhibiting little range in affect, and did not respond with distress when the mother left and showed little interest on her return. These children would resort to the secondary strategy of deactivation. 3. Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment – Children with this attachment style also failed to seek proximity with his or her mother, but resorted to the secondary strategy of hyperactivation. Ainsworth (1978) and colleagues were further able to identify the types of mother-child relationships associated with these attachment styles. Securely attached children were found to have mothers who are attuned and sensitive to her childs emotional as well as physical needs. She formed a secure base for her child and helped regulate stress and emotional disease. Mothers of children with avoidant attachment styles would respond with little concern to their childs distress, and rather than comfort them, she would discourage the childs attempts at achieving proximity and encourage independence. Finally, ambivalently attached child had mothers who responded inconsistently to their children. At times they would respond attentively and provide comfort; yet at other times she would discourage the crying behavior and ignore the childs attempts at proximity. These attachment styles differ slightly in adulthood, with four types being identified: sure, preoccupied, fearful-avoidant and dismissing-avoidant. These types differ to those identified by Ainsworth mainly in the distinction between fearful-avoidant and dismissing-avoidant. An individual showing a dismissing-avoidant style maintains a positive view of self and a negative view of others, while those with a fearful-avoidant styles holds a negative view of both self and others. Main, Kaplan and Cassidy (1985) were the first to demonstrate how early attachment styles, formed during infancy, are generalised to an individuals future relationships in adulthood. These researchers described how mental representations of the self and others, formed in infancy, are used to predict and interpret attachment-related situations. According to this line of thought, a person who experienced rejection in infancy will carry this experience into adult relationships. They will feel unworthy of love, and moreover, that others are incapable of loving them. Attachment styles are also shown to influence such things as self-esteem, self-efficacy and socializing abilities. In a study by Kaplan and Sadock (1998) these researchers show how securely attached adolescents are more socially adjusted than those with avoidant or anxious/ambivalent attachment styles. Furthermore, these researchers note how low self-esteem, poor social relatedness, and emotional vulnerability to stress are associated with insecure attachments during the first year of life (147). The development of theory of mind is also impeded in attachment theory. Theory of mind is the understanding that each person has heir own, separate beliefs, ideas and mental states. Furthermore, it is the ability to predict, with a large degree of accuracy, how another person may feel or respond in certain situations. For example, a person having theory of mind would accurately predict how a person may feel should they fail in an important exam. The development of theory of mind or mentalizing capacity is directly dependant on secure attachment. A mother who responds consistently with love and acceptance to her infants cry demonstrates to the infant that they have understood them and that they are in tune with their needs. This mother has demonstrated that she is able to infer the thoughts and needs of her child. The child then learns this from the mother. This ability to make accurate inferences and to envisage the emotional experiences of others is crucial for health psychological and psychosocial functioning (Fonagy, Gergely, Jurist and Targer, 2005). Disorders of Attachment As previously noted, unstable or unhealthy attachment is a result of maternal disregard, where a mother is seen to be dismissive, unresponsive, and lacking in warmth and consistency. People having an avoidant or anxious/ambivalent attachment style experience problems in developing and maintaining relationships, in communicating with others, trusting in others, feeling unworthy of love. This deprivation results in disorders of attachment including such things as failure-to-thrive syndromes, psychosocial dwarfism, separation anxiety disorder, avoidant personality disorder, depressive disorders, delinquency, academic problems, and borderline intelligence (Kaplan Sadock, 1998: 147). These resulting problems highlight some of the adverse effects of a deprived relationship between mother and child. Conclusion John Bowlbys theory of attachment has challenged some of the traditional beliefs on parenting, such as: crying babies should be left alone, holding a baby too much will result in clinging behavior, attending to a distressed baby will result in over dependence. Still today, some of these outdate beliefs are held by many. However, research into the area of attachment has revealed a very different picture. The tenderness of the relationship between mother and child has been shown as being paramount to the healthy development on emotional, social, psychological and even educational levels. Children require physical warmth, love, affection, consistency and understanding in order to develop a positive sense of self, trust in the world, confidence to explore the world and a belief in others. Children learn from their mother, from the very time of birth, what to think of the world, who they are in the world, what to expect from the world and what the world expects from them. Bibliography Ainsworth, M.S. (1985). Attachment across the life-span. Academic Medicine, 61, 792. Ainsworth, M. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., Wall, 5. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Bowlby, J. (1969), Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss. New York: Basic Books. Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E.L., Target, M. (2005). Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of the Self. London: Karnac. Harlow, H. F. (1958). The nature of love. American Psychologist, 13, 673-685. Kaplan, H.I., Sadock, B.J. (1998). Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Science/Clinical Psychiatry (8th Ed). Lippincott, Williams Wilkins, Maryland. Main, M., Kaplan, N., Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 66-104.

Restaurant Management Essay example -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursew

Restaurant Management My interview is with a manager of a restaurant, the restaurant can have as many as 75 customers, and staff of 14. The restaurant served your everyday American food. The person whom I interviewed started as an assistant manager at the young age of 27. He has been a manager for the restaurant for the past 7 years. I considered him a Functional Manager because of the definition in the book, i.e. He supervises the work of employees whom engages in different specialties, such as waiters/waitress, kitchen help, accounting, and quality control. But in the same realm he is considered a General Manager because he oversees the operations, helps in solving problems, spotting problems before they occur and insuring the safety of all employees and customers. He decided to become a manager because he felt that he could motivate people, and help them realize their potential. He decided to become a restaurant manager because he enjoyed being around food and that type of fast pace environment. When interviewing this person it became very evident that he is an effective manger because he possesses many key managerial skills. He is technically efficient because, he had the ability to prepare a budget, lay out a production schedule i.e. food preparations, menu for the day's events, and was able to use a computer. He definitely had to have Interpersonal Skill in order to work effectively as a team member. He stated the best approach for managing this type of business was the behavioral approach because you had to understand the psychological makeup of many different types of people, you have to manage all different type of people within your staff and the public. He feels that cultural diversity in this type of business is a must because you have to respect each and every person that may come into your establishment. Cultural diversity is very important when it comes to hiring people who may have to be off from work on a special day because of religious reasons that is not normally celebrated by all. He gives an example of the time when he literally stumble over two guest of the restaurant who were conducting evening prayer in an isolated corner of the restaurant. They were praying on rugs. As soon as he saw the prayer rugs he realize that they were conducted evening prayer. An additional example is when an employee would b... ...g possibilities is the aspect of the business called the "demanding public"? The guests that come through the lobby of any restaurant demand a highly trained staff and a superior product no matter what extenuating circumstances exist "back in the kitchen". Orchestrating each and every element of the restaurant management so that it appears as if it is an effortless, smooth operation is a commanding, daily challenge. I personally could not be a manger for any fast pace business that required a lot of my attention and/or overseeing every aspect of the operation. I would come unglued. There are too many different personality that you have to deal with. The job itself is demanding on your body and mind. While in the Navy I worked as an x-ray technician in the ER This was very fast pace and demanding for me, I was able to do my job, but when I was being pushed to do something I felt as if I was coming apart at times. My demeanor would change, and the patient and the people that I was working with could feel it. This was effecting the patients and the staff, so after 15 years of being a x-ray technician, I decided that this was something that I could not do for the rest of my life.

Humanistic Theory and Trait Theory Essay

Humanistic Theory and Trait Theory My research was comparing the Humanistic Theory and Trait Theory. Humanistic Theory is based on the ability for individuals to be able to uniquely diverse with our own prospective on life. It evaluates how an individual’s choice can affect their decision making and how the decisions can take a positive or negative effect to the conclusion of that choice. It also focuses on how we allow others to manipulate us into believing what our self worth is, if we are capable of achieving what we set out to become. Trait theory is based on an individual’s observation, and elements of their personality traits such as openness to new experiences, skill development, agreeableness, etc. and how that affects their choices. According to Tom Ato, psychologists believe that this trait stems from one basic group of characteristics which are biological in nature. Studies have concluded that is it not based on individualism but account for consistent behavior which are familiar in diverse situations. Both theories have a few similarities; however research revealed several differences between them. Their approach to personality traits differ because they go in different directions. Trait theory shows aspects of human personality can be stable and consistent in several cultures; it is not shaped by outside influences, where as Humanistic traits are. Trait theory is correct in its approach for many reasons; the success of the five-factor personality models, observers’ evaluations, the models withstood challenges that affects all cultures, the link between psychological disorders and personality traits, and the potential to predict what the individuals’ future may bring. The Humanistic trait has been criticized for being too subjective in its approach. Because it focuses on each individual’s potential and gives the fundamental belief that all individuals are good, makes it harder to explain why people commit crimes. We can not objectively tell is self actualized, we can only rely on the individual own assessment of their experiences. Both theories have valid merit on the personality traits, but they have different approaches on how to establish their findings. Both Humanistic and Trait Theories are in disagreement on what way is most effective however both view the individual’s personality as a whole.

English Literature Coursework Essays

English Literature Coursework Essays English Literature Coursework Essay English Literature Coursework Essay To explore this question I am going to examine how Shakespeare creates and maintains dramatic tension in Act One Scene Five.This is a pivotal scene in which Romeo and Juliet meet for the first time and fall in love.I am going to discuss the servants busy preparations for the party, Romeos passionate soliloquy on first glimpsing Juliet, Tybalts recognition of Romeo and his subsequent anger and Romeo and Juliets horrified reactions at discovering that they are enemies.I am also going to study Shakespeares use of language and imagery, his use of Elizabethan sonnet form and the social and historical context of the play.To start with, I am going to mention that at the end of the preceding scene, Romeo has a premonition. He foresees his own death.Romeo:This would mean that the tension level is already quite high, as a consequence of this scene ending with such a sense of foreboding. This tension is relieved somewhat by the actions of the servants.The servants busy preparations for the banq uet create dramatic tension in that they are frantic and loud. The tension is initially created, and maintained, while the servants shout and call each other. They create an impression of disorder and a sense that everything is speeding up.Servant 1:The servants speeches are written in blank verse, which contrasts greatly with the lyrical words of Romeo and Juliet and also with that of Lord Capulet and Tybalt.The scene then moves on to Lord Capulet welcoming his guests to the party. He is in a good mood and greets his guests warmly. This causes the tension created by the servants to dissipate slightly and the audience can relax a little. Lord Capulets speeches are very flamboyant and full of life. A festive atmosphere is rapidly established.Lord Capulet:His speeches are full of noble language that contrasts greatly with the coarse language used by the servants previously.The next event in this scene is when Romeo first sees Juliet. Her beauty stuns him.Romeo:His language is very ric h and even nobler than that of Lord Capulet. At this point in the scene, we see the tension rising again as Romeo sees Juliet and instantly falls in love with her. However, as his speech goes on, the tension evens out, as the audience settle into Romeos sudden love for Juliet.He then goes on to speak ten lines about Juliets beauty and how incomparable she is to Rosaline. Her beauty stuns him.Romeo:It is through Romeos language that Shakespeare shows that Romeo is of a noble birth, and this distinguishes him from the servants. His language is also very intense, which makes the audience believe that he is sincere in his love of Juliet. Also Shakespeares subtle use of rhyme causes us to see how pure and real his love is, as Romeos soliloquy is written in rhyming couplets.The tension is raised now because of the audiences awareness of Romeo being a Montague, and Juliet being a Capulet. The audience gets to see them fall deeply in love with each other, with them totally unaware of their respective identities. The audience knows that when they do discover each others identities, they will be horrified and that the consequences cannot be good.Immediately Romeo finishes waxing lyrical about Juliet, we hear Tybalt in a furious rage because a Montague is at the Capulet party.Tybalt:His sudden rage and fury at seeing Romeo causes the dramatic tension to soar as the audience anticipate his actions. His violent, forceful language contrasts greatly with Romeos gentle, sweet words. However, Lord Capulet intervenes and Tybalt is halted before he can act on his anger. He argues with his uncle because he wont let him fight Romeo, because it would spoil the party. Their dispute is heated and the tension steadily rises.Tybalt:Lord Capulet:Their language is violent and aggressive which would cause the audience to sit up and take notice of the strong emotions involved.The tension drops when Tybalt obeys his uncle and agrees not to act on his anger that night. He does however leave a lingering tension with the threat.Tybalt:In other words, he shall seek revenge at another time, just to please his uncle. It is with these words that he exits the scene. This leaves the audience at a loss as to what is coming next. This would cause an increase in tension because of eager anticipation for the next installment of the blooming romance.The next section of the scene is where Romeo and Juliet meet and share their first (and second) kiss. Their language is the key point when explaining how Shakespeare creates an isolated bubble around the pair of lovers. They speak lovingly to each other, and lots of references to religion and faith are made. They talk about holy shrines, blushing pilgrims and holy palmers. However the majority of what they say is concerning the body. They speak of two blushing pilgrims meaning lips and their hands touching as holy palmers kiss. These references to religion and faith are used to simulate images in the audiences minds, of purity and since rity.They seem to exist only for each other, and are isolated and set apart from the rest of the party. This separation is defined by their gentle, loving language, which contrasts with the violent, bustling activity of the party.At this point in the scene, their conversation is written in sonnet form. In Elizabethan times the sonnet was the most popular form of poetry. They were usually written as love poems, to the writers beloved. The audience of the time Romeo and Juliet was written would have understood this, and it would have been a clear message to them that Romeo and Juliet were talking about love. This form of poetry also ensures that Romeo and Juliet seem to be moving in a world of their own.Just after they are separated, Romeo discovers that Juliet is a Capulet, his enemy, and the dramatic tension reaches its peak.Romeo:Not long after Romeo discovers their enmity, Juliet finds out for herself. This only prolongs the high level of dramatic tension.Juliet:Their reactions ar e ones of despair and horror. They dont understand how they could each have fallen in love with their only enemies. Their despair is only short-lived because they each know that, despite the barrier created by their enmity, their love is pure and absolute.Juliet:This is Juliets way of saying that if Romeo is married; she would die because it would break her heart. This emphasises just how deeply they have fallen in love with each other.Then at the end of the scene, Juliet is called to her mother, and the build up of dramatic tension is dissolved.Shakespeare also uses his extensive control of the English language to control the dramatic tension. Using violent language during the heated argument between Lord Capulet and his nephew, and sacred, religious words during the first meeting of Romeo and Juliet. He uses rhyme to emphasise the emotions behind a moment. The servants speak in blank verse, which shows them as low class people using common, coarse language. Romeo speaks in rhyming couplets when he first sees Juliet, this would encourage the audience to take notice of what is happening, and creates an impression of Romeo as a nobleman.Such uses of language and rhyme would have had to be used because in Elizabethan times, there would have been no sophisticated props or such like. Shakespeare had to use different styles of language to differentiate between classes and characters.Throughout this crucial scene, the level of dramatic tension fluctuates. Shakespeare ensures this by using strong contrasts- the noise and frivolity of the party, and the gentle, quiet love between Romeo and Juliet.Shakespeare uses various techniques to ensure the dramatic tension is maintained throughout this scene. One of these techniques is to use contrasting language and imagery. Also to use different rhyme schemes to display different feelings.In my opinion William Shakespeare is a very talented writer and has used his mastery of the English language to manage the dramatic tension throughout Act One Scene Five. English Literature Coursework Essays English Literature Coursework Essay English Literature Coursework Essay Life is the farce that everyone has to perform (Arthur Rimbaud). Explore your different responses to this statement with reference to the structure, form and characters of Noises Off. How far do you agree that the disintegration of the farce Nothing On is mainly a means to comment on the human condition? One could interpret Rimbauds statement as analogous to that of the insinuated, deeper reference of Michael Frayns Noises Off, due to human life sharing similar elements as the convention of comedy that is farce. Life is like a drama, full of isinterpretation, unanticipated events and tragedy. This view aligns with Arthur Rimbauds statement; although, one could easily argue that Frayns meta-farce structure was in fact a device used in order to satirise the acting industry, an impeccable example of this satirisation is Lloyds excessive use of the word love , this repetition could conceivably be used to exaggerate and highlight actors and actresses insincerity. Michael Frayn has experienced the anarchy that develops behind closed doors on an acting set, and this disputably elevates the play from a farce to an intricate, multi-layered theatrical experience. Another interpretation could be that that Noises Off needs no deeper reading as a common definition of farce is a ludicrous, hollow show; a mockery. When examining whether Noises Off intends to relate to the human condition, the structure of Frayns work can not be neglected. The meta-farce structure used by Michael Frayn is arguably integral in reflecting human nature and life, conjointly, this is most evident in Act One as Nothing On slowly begins to disintegrate through misinterpretations and disorder. The structure of the play creates depth, therefore when disarray does arise, such as the disappearance of Selsdon in Act l, Garry: Selsdon! We cant find him! , proceedings have to be adjourned which also causes Noises Off to be disrupted. This is very much comparable to life, because as one event occurs, this could lead to a detrimental effect on other affairs and it postpones future matters. On the other hand, it could comfortably be argued that Frayn does not intend to create a locus in which the reader should etch away the surface of the structure and read more thoroughly. This is apparent as ultimately Noises Off is a farce. Had Michael Frayn intended to convey the similarities between farce and the uman condition, then perhaps an essay format would have been more appropriate which means that we can only assume that his intentions were to evoke laughter from his audience. A device that could be argued as being utilised by Frayn to portray the human condition within Nothing On is the revolving stage. The stage allows the audience to get a full perspective of the farce without any interruptions, and it is this device that is likened to Carl Jungs persona mask theory. The characters within the play have to depict a certain role to the audience which masks them from their true being and it s not until the stage has revolved 180 degrees that we as the spectators are granted access to their real nature and the mask is unveiled. Typically, this is similar to human life as people have to put on a show to impress their peers and appear in control, but ultimately when they are alone or in their comfort zone, people allow their mask to slip. This can be depicted from Arthur Rimbauds view by his use of the term performed when describing life. Alternatively, it could be argued that Frayn used the revolving stage in order to convey the actors unprofessionalism and the omplete turmoil that occurs behind closed doors on an acting set in order to create shock and laughter. Perhaps the revolving stage has no deeper meaning that relates to human condition as the proposed masks are Just traits of our character that may be rendered as false by other beings. Characterisation is pivotal in an attempt to illustrate lifes formalities and surprises in Noises Off. In Act One, Selsdon says Sixty years now and the smell of the theatre still haunts me, this is in response to Poppy who nearly offends him by implying he smells. This is acutely comparable to the comedic convention of wordplay as Poppy oesnt actually say Selsdon possesses an undesirable odour, if you stand anywhere near Selsdon, you cant help noticing this very distinctive but is instead is interrupted by him before she can completely offend. This is incredibly funny as it creates awkwardness between Selsdon and Poppy. Obviously Selsdon is one of the more senior members of the cast and should theoretically be wiser from his experiences, although that is not the case. Arguably Frayn is implying that it does not matter how accomplished you may be in certain aspects of life, your lifetime will be ull of consternations and revelations that can not be prepared for. Again, this adds to the validity of Rimbauds assessment as farce incorporates highly improbable plots situations and exaggerated characters which is similar to what human beings can perceive as life. In contrast, it could be contended that Selsdons dialogue has no broader meaning and is in fact Just used to create an awkward situation. It could also be argued that the writer intended to stereotype Selsdon as an actor who is coming to the end of his career, is no longer concerned with his profession and is seemingly oblivious to his surroundings. The use of complications in Nothing On, such as the actors troubles with the opening and shutting of doors, could be considered a key component by Frayn as a means to comment on the human condition. We see throughout almost the entirety of Act One and Act Two, the predicament that the doors cause. whilst Brooke and Garry enter through the doors on the upper stage, Belinda and Fredrick exit through the lower stage doors in perfect time and sequence. This evokes laughter from the audience as it creates confusion throughout the cast who are oblivious to each others presence, and ultimately this excites the audience as it eludes to the rogression of a riotous event, in typical slapstick comedy style. Furthermore, within the noumenal of Noises Off it depicts the doors as a gateway backstage which allows the audience to see the true nature of the actors and additionally utilised by Frayn as a vehicle for satire. While one cant argue against the fact that Frayn intended the play to be a riotous event, the potential for deeper reading when examining the doors can not be ignored. It is possible that Frayn used the doors as a device to symbolise them as a portal to another world and point of view, implying that veryone incurs implications when attempting to follow new paths in life, Just as the actors have difficulties trying to open and shut the doors. The form in which Michael Frayn presents the disintegration of Nothing On through his use of common components of farce such as broader physical humour and the use of props suggests that his prime intention was to elicit amusement from his spectators. The use of slapstick comedy and misplacement of props in Nothing On is especially funny as it creates uncertainty within the cast which ultimately leads to further complications and adds to the riotous event that is to entail. A leading example of this would be Dottys (Mrs. Clackett) ineptitude to take or replace the sardines at the correct instances Mrs Clackett: What I did with the first lot of sardines I shall never know, also we see in Act I Fredricks pants fall down which arouses laughter from the audience as it generates awkwardness and this is a key component of farce. By Act 3 the destruction of Act I of Nothing On is almost complete, and the significance of this is arguably commensurate to the human condition. The disintegration of Nothing On could have stemmed from the actors inability to erform the intelligible task of replacing props, and this comments on human life in the sense that misunderstanding can lead to feelings of anger and Jealousy during which, things escalate out of control. In conclusion, it is apparent that Michael Frayn did indeed intend to evoke laughter from his audience through the use of typical farce components, such as the violence that occurs in Act 2 which almost leads Noises Off into taking a more tragic narration, although whether it was unintentional, the more Michael Frayn attempts to reflect aspects of life itself through Noises Off, the more it succeeds in the intention to create humour.

Free Essays on Barb Burning

Barn Burning analysis William Faulkner presents several interesting characters in the story, Barn Burning. Sarty Snopes a lonely ten-year old boy is one of these characters. His father, Abner moves the family around constantly and is a very evil man. Sarty had a rough childhood. He deserves sympathy and respect because he is lonely, courageous, and has good morals. Moving from place to place constantly Sarty is very lonely. His father packs up and moves the family to a new place time and again. The Snopes family never stays in one place for a long time. This lifestyle was tough on Sarty because he was unable to make any friends. Sarty’s family is not much help either since Sarty does not get along with his sisters or his brother who was much older. Even him and his mother did not get along. Loneliness is problem for Sarty and for this he deserves my sympathy. Although Sarty has no real friends or role models, he manages to have very good morals despite his father’s abusive and criminal behav ior. It would be easy for Sarty to follow in his father’s footsteps, but Sarty turned his father in and left. He is deserving of respect since he has such good morals. Another reason to respect Sarty is that when he finally got sick of his father’s wrongdoing he had the courage to leave. Sarty took off when his father had his mother tie him up to prevent him from turning his father in. After escaping from his family and hearing gun shots Sarty just starting running. He didn’t look back until he could no longer see the farm in flames. Leaving home at ten years old takes a lot of guts. Having enough courage to run away, Sarty is deserving of respect. Sarty deserves a lot of sympathy and respect. . Loneliness was a big part in Sarty’s life. Sarty didn’t let this affect him, though, and he stuck to his morals. For a ten-year old Sarty was also quite courageous. Our sympathy and respect should be given to Sarty.... Free Essays on Barb Burning Free Essays on Barb Burning Barn Burning analysis William Faulkner presents several interesting characters in the story, Barn Burning. Sarty Snopes a lonely ten-year old boy is one of these characters. His father, Abner moves the family around constantly and is a very evil man. Sarty had a rough childhood. He deserves sympathy and respect because he is lonely, courageous, and has good morals. Moving from place to place constantly Sarty is very lonely. His father packs up and moves the family to a new place time and again. The Snopes family never stays in one place for a long time. This lifestyle was tough on Sarty because he was unable to make any friends. Sarty’s family is not much help either since Sarty does not get along with his sisters or his brother who was much older. Even him and his mother did not get along. Loneliness is problem for Sarty and for this he deserves my sympathy. Although Sarty has no real friends or role models, he manages to have very good morals despite his father’s abusive and criminal behav ior. It would be easy for Sarty to follow in his father’s footsteps, but Sarty turned his father in and left. He is deserving of respect since he has such good morals. Another reason to respect Sarty is that when he finally got sick of his father’s wrongdoing he had the courage to leave. Sarty took off when his father had his mother tie him up to prevent him from turning his father in. After escaping from his family and hearing gun shots Sarty just starting running. He didn’t look back until he could no longer see the farm in flames. Leaving home at ten years old takes a lot of guts. Having enough courage to run away, Sarty is deserving of respect. Sarty deserves a lot of sympathy and respect. . Loneliness was a big part in Sarty’s life. Sarty didn’t let this affect him, though, and he stuck to his morals. For a ten-year old Sarty was also quite courageous. Our sympathy and respect should be given to Sarty....

Bigotry, Sterotypes, and Closed Minded Purists. essays

Bigotry, Sterotypes, and Closed Minded Purists. essays Bigotry, Stereotypes, and Closed Minded Purists: In the United States, forty-five percent of parents say that they would prefer that their children would not date someone outside of their race. Another survey states that twenty percent of parents would not permit their child to date outside of their religion. When dealing with the issue of their childs dating life, this would leave a combined amount of thirty-five percent of parents unbiased to race or religion. Being from the African and Caucasian decent, as well as a member of the Methodist religion, I have come across bigots, stereotypes, and close-minded purists. The current bigotry that I have dealt and am still dealing with is the worst. In the beginning of my current relationship it had come to my attention that when going out with my girlfriend, I always had to meet her and her friends at a certain location. I had never picked her up at her house, met her parents, nor any other family member. When this matter was mentioned, she revealed that her father did not approve of interracial relationships. Her father had grown up where he was not exposed to black people. He had automatically placed this label of no interracial dating upon his daughter due to the stereotypes placed on black men in society. The common stereotype that is placed upon black males is that they do not treat women with respect. This being the downfall of many of my relationships. For privacy rights we will call this girl Mary. While Mary and myself were dating we had made arrangements to meet at the movies. While meeting her there, her father greeted me with a firm handshake and said, If you are like all those other black guys who just go out with girls to get them pregnant and leave them, then I want you to have nothing to do with my daughter. That was the first and last time I ever met her father. ...

The effect the Hawthorne Studies has had on contemporary management Essay

The effect the Hawthorne Studies has had on contemporary management - Essay Example Nonetheless, the performance of a company is influenced by the productivity of employees. Therefore, management in a company mainly influences the employees and their performance. In this case, therefore, effective management in a company increases the productivity of the company, while poor management might lead to the decline in company performance. Putting the success of companies in perspective, it is clear that the aspect of management is a major determinant. Therefore, management is a possible answer to the question of failure or success of a company. Nonetheless, in order to find a solution or an answer to a problem, it is important to undertake an investigation. A good example of an experiment or investigation that was launched to find a solution to a problem is the Hawthorne studies, which was in the form of experiments. This paper therefore, explores the influence of Hawthorne studies on contemporary management. The Hawthorne Studies are made up of different investigations into the essence off attitudes and behaviors of different social, economic, and physical variables at the workplace (Jones 1991). The major investigations of the Hawthorne Studies were conducted between the years 1927 and 1932 at the Hawthorne Works, a company near Chicago that dealt with the manufacture of electricity. According to Levitt & List (2009) the major aim of the Hawthorne studies was to investigate the different factors in the environment at the workplace influenced the productivity of workers. In these studies, the factors that were tested in five different stages included lighting, adjusted hours of work, and additional breaks. Nonetheless, conclusions from the Hawthorne studies showed that the productivity of workers would increase, if the workers were aware that they are under observation. The researchers in this case found out that changing the light intensity or other variables in the work environment was not the major cause of increased productivity of workers. Ho wever, the workers’ productivity increased when the workers were aware that they were being observed closely. Therefore, the aspect of constant supervision and active monitoring of the workers led to their increased productivity (Porter 2002). Nonetheless, through the Hawthorne studies, the modern managers can learn many important lessons in management of their companies, as Hawthorne studies majorly revolve around the subject of management as practiced in the field. Therefore, the Hawthorne studies manifest itself in different ways in the modern management practices in companies. Managers today can learn and apply the principles in Hawthorne studies to their management practices with respect to their specific environments, in order to achieve similar outcomes (Sonnenfeld 1985). According to Muldoon (2012), some of the most important management aspects that managers today can learn from the Hawthorne studies include some aspects of scientific management, organizational behavi or, and the quantitative approach. In addition, Porter (2012) notes that, using the Hawthorne studies and understanding the phenomenon underlying this principle, managers today can apply a similar approach to a variety of modern processes. Managers can utilize techniques of psychological motivation to modern processes to increase productivity, decrease defects, and ensure that there is continuity in improvement. Organizational behavior mainly revolves around the actions of people in an organization. In Hawthorne

Development of career management for individuals and organisations in Essay

Development of career management for individuals and organisations in recent years - Essay Example They have long believed that if personalities turn into real professionals, there would be a great amount of work effectiveness and efficiency within the related ranks, and thus the symbiotic effect would be in the form of bringing about wellness amongst the employee’s own domains as well as within the organizational realms (Jay 2005). Since organizations require that their employees remain on the quest to achieve more and more within their professional undertakings, the need is sought to find a way or two which shall inculcate values of trust and empathy for the employees to move ahead with the times yet keep the organization that they are working for abreast of the changes happening on the global front. In essence, career management for individuals and organizations in recent years has only become better as times have changed (Maddock 1999). The organizations have long understood that they need to hire those individuals who are well-equipped from all sides and who take care of the issues which engulf the organizations from a number of angles and perspectives. The case of the employees (individuals) is no different. The individuals have understood that they would have to spend around 2-3 years within an organization before they can think of moving ahead and finding new opportunities for their own selves to grow. This was not the case in the past as much emphasis was laid on the fact that employees would at least have to spend 5 years in an organization before they would mature and move on to find greener pastures. The trend has changed and now the organizations look at individuals who have more experience in terms of doing different jobs while managing their work routines effectively and more productively. This trend has changed because organizations have taken on a very practical understanding within their folds. The 21st century has seen new changes and innovations within the thinking patterns of the people who matter the most within these organizatio nal domains – the top management, which has a clear cut task of deciding how things get done and how new processes would be shaped up in the coming times. What is most important is a rational related with the opportunity to understand how one must manage a career and what an individual must do to make sure that he meets the criteria of selecting the right job for his own self, when the right time comes by (Hopson & Scally 1999). A good amount of individuals lose out on this front due to a number of reasons but it is the chosen few which tap the market and thus conduct their own selves within the best interests of their own selves as well as the organizations that they get to work for in essence. Moving further ahead, we see that career management has been given due significance by those individuals who believe in the premise of shifting careers on a regular yet maintained basis. They look forward to moving ahead with the changing times without looking back to criticize what h as happened in the past. They are always looking to make amends whilst learning from the past. These individuals are dependent on how their careers get shaped up and what they can learn from career management in essence in the long run (Marshall 1995). It goes without mentioning that career management is rightly judged as a very important element of discussion within the human resources management domains and the organizational quarters discuss such aspects before deciding whom to recruit and whom to reject. It is because of such factors that

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Making Marketing Plan (Marketing Class) - Essay Example JS has the lowest capitalization from among them. Explanations on the meaning of term have been derived from on line Free Dictionary by Farflex (FD) A lower ratio is "better" (cheaper) and a higher ratio is "worse" (expensive). A PEG ratio that gets close to 2 or higher is generally believed to be expensive, that is, the price paid appears to be too high relative to the estimated future growth in earnings. Its name comes from the fact that Operating Expenses do not include interest, taxes, depreciation or amortization. EBITDA is not a defined measure according to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), and thus can be calculated however a company wishes. It is also not a measure of cash flow. (FFD) P/E - Price-earnings ratio is â€Å"the multiple of earnings at which a stock sells†. It is calculated â€Å"by dividing current stock price by current earnings per share (adjusted for stock splits)†. (FD) The P/E ratio measures the amount that investors pay for a dollar of current

The War Between Cyprus And Turkey Research Paper

The War Between Cyprus And Turkey - Research Paper Example Conflicts that arise between two different ethnic groups are always a challenge to resolve and Cyprus Island was not an exception. Moreover, the strategic location and the island’s unique history have played a part in the involvement of many parties in Cyprus and the challenges in settling the disputes. Present conflicts between the Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots have been sparked by this historical environment that was between them. The legacy of the many wars and conflicts has created a destabilized situation where both communities cannot trust each other. Pre-war period. Greeks were seen to desire domination over the Turkish Cypriots.in 1878 the British created a legislative council in Cyprus the Greeks demanded more representation and in 1882 the British decided to give the Greeks 9 members and the Turkish Cypriots three. The Turkish Cypriots protested as was expected as they saw its risky having the Greeks dominate. This defensiveness became a primary characteristic in the Turkish Cypriots behavior a notion that the Greek Cypriots did not really comprehend. After the war against the British came to an end the Greek Cypriots did not bother to have talks with their Turkish counterparts or give them assurance. This thus led to a state where although the island was Great Britain’s colony, and both groups were under colonisation, independence was not the outcome of the mutual cooperation by both communities. The two groups were never willing to cohabit as one state as both communities had different objectives. For many years the Turkish Cypriots never understood the Greek Cypriots desire for enosis. They thought that this desire to unite with Greece reflected the Greek Cypriot’s attempts to govern them. In the years 1878-1960, the Turkish Cypriots affiliated themselves with British, which was a serious mistake. This move is what made the constitution contain to privileges leaning on the Turkish Cypriots. If they hadn’t aligned t hemselves with the British they may have entered independence jointly with the Greek Cypriots. They on their side showed little interest of the powers they were given under the Zurich constitution. Conscious of Turkish government support and Turkish troops in the island they were unyielding in claiming their rights as a separate group even in situations where these rights were unrealistic or conflicted with the state’s interests. The populace of the Turkish Cypriots was small but their leaders still insisted on having the 30% positions in the civil service though qualified people were unobtainable. Between 1960 and 1963, using their veto powers they utterly paralyzed the government (Amussen, 2008). This sparked president Makarios proposals The Greek Cypriots agreed that the constitution had to be revised and was not necessary to be a compromise with the Turkish Cypriots. They made a blunder and continued their discussion to reunite with Greece, a move that was prohibited by t heir constitution. Turkish had control of 40% of the island and was entitled to 30% of the civil service position, a 40% share in the army with just being 18% of the whole populace. The Greek Cypriot’s actions were even more fueled by this privileges the Turkish Cypriots were liable to in the constitution but had the Greek Cypriots been content with the status quo and accepted those privileges and let go of their desire for the union with Greece, then the Turkish Cypriots just might have been more receptive for some compromise (James, 2011). Nevertheless, this never happened. Instead the leader of the Greek Cypriots, president Makarios attempted to review thirteen amendments of the constitution. The Turkish Cypriot leaders and the Turkish government

Buddhism as a Critique of Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Buddhism as a Critique of Culture - Essay Example This is the aim, even with regard to 'normal' people in the world, since they tend get confused, and develop problems due to wrong identification of the patterns of life or 'samsara' (Watts 16) shrouded in 'maya' which is explained as being more than illusory; 'maya' encompasses the entire range of concepts from culture, one's cultural identity, to the way one perceives the world (Watts 9). An individual is an inseparable organism of the universe, and simultaneously unique, since all organisms are not uniform and differ in their identities accorded as per the societal constructs such as sex, class, and others. Conflicts arise because the rules of the universe and cosmos may not always be in consonance with that of the societal conventions, and the individual struggles to integrate between these two inherently differing components of reality and social constructs or maya (Watts 9). In these eastern thoughts, 'nirvana' or liberation (Watts 16) is the solution to the problems arising from afore mentioned conflict. The aim of nirvana is not to destroy maya, but rather, to see through maya; and to do this one must come out of the social constructs and see reality (Watts 9).

Relationship Analysis in A Christmas Carol Essay

Relationship Analysis in A Christmas Carol - Essay Example In books, the tone of communication is enough to describe the relationship between two characters and the author does not need to explain the relationship separately. The analysis in this paper will be done in a similar manner, i.e. by considering the tone of communication between the characters. Thus, this analysis would show that the context and manner of communication define the relationship between the individuals communicating with each other. This is also one of the most important aspects of the interpersonal communication. The main character of the book is Ebenezer Scrooge who has been described as being a stingy and miser person who stays away from philanthropic activities and spends every penny after giving it a significant thought. Scrooge has no value for the acts of kindness or benevolence and all he cares about is accumulation of wealth. Jacob Marley was the business partner of Scrooge who has been disclosed to have been dead for seven years when the story starts to unfo ld. On the Christmas Eve in the 1840’s Scrooge is visited by the ghost of his dead business partner Jacob Marley who tries to convince Scrooge to change his ways. In the past, Marley has been described as being the only friend, administrator, business partner and mourner of Scrooge therefore it can be said that both the characters had a similar personality, i.e. they both had love for money. After seven years of the death of Marley, Scrooge is visited by the ghost of Marley. Initially the character of Marley does not communicate directly with Scrooge but makes Scrooge feel his appearance in different ways. He then appears in the fireplace in Scrooge’s bedroom. Ultimately, the ghost of Marley appears in front of Scrooge himself. This is where the first verbal communication between these two characters takes place. Initially the character of Scrooge responds coldly to the appearance of the ghost and asks what does the ghost wants from him. The ghost of Marley replies, â €Å"Much!† Scrooge then asks who the ghost was and Marley replies, â€Å"Ask me who I was.† The character of Marley then reminds Scrooge that he was his only friend in his life. Scrooge still remains doubtful but the manner of his dialogue suggests that he is not as cold as he was at his first reaction. He offers Marley a seat and remains unsure whether a ghost would need one. Scrooge remains skeptical whether Marley is real or not and the communication between the characters takes another turn when Scrooge behaves as if Marley is just a figment of his imagination and it is not a real ghost. At one point, Scrooge expresses to Marley that it must be something he had eaten that is playing tricks on his mind. The ghost of Marley lets out a cry that makes Scrooge so afraid he fell upon his knees and begged from mercy. Here, it can be said that the context of communication has changed completely as compared to where it started. Initially, the character of Scrooge was cold t owards the character of ghost Marley. Perception of the characters also plays an important part in the effectiveness of communication between two individuals. If the perceptions of individuals are similar, there would be effective communication between them as the receiver would understand what the sender is trying to communicate (Robbins, 2009). However, if there is difference in perceptions there would be distortion in the flow of communication and a lot of reconciliation would also be required. In this book, the character of

The War Between Cyprus And Turkey Research Paper

The War Between Cyprus And Turkey - Research Paper Example Conflicts that arise between two different ethnic groups are always a challenge to resolve and Cyprus Island was not an exception. Moreover, the strategic location and the island’s unique history have played a part in the involvement of many parties in Cyprus and the challenges in settling the disputes. Present conflicts between the Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots have been sparked by this historical environment that was between them. The legacy of the many wars and conflicts has created a destabilized situation where both communities cannot trust each other. Pre-war period. Greeks were seen to desire domination over the Turkish Cypriots.in 1878 the British created a legislative council in Cyprus the Greeks demanded more representation and in 1882 the British decided to give the Greeks 9 members and the Turkish Cypriots three. The Turkish Cypriots protested as was expected as they saw its risky having the Greeks dominate. This defensiveness became a primary characteristic in the Turkish Cypriots behavior a notion that the Greek Cypriots did not really comprehend. After the war against the British came to an end the Greek Cypriots did not bother to have talks with their Turkish counterparts or give them assurance. This thus led to a state where although the island was Great Britain’s colony, and both groups were under colonisation, independence was not the outcome of the mutual cooperation by both communities. The two groups were never willing to cohabit as one state as both communities had different objectives. For many years the Turkish Cypriots never understood the Greek Cypriots desire for enosis. They thought that this desire to unite with Greece reflected the Greek Cypriot’s attempts to govern them. In the years 1878-1960, the Turkish Cypriots affiliated themselves with British, which was a serious mistake. This move is what made the constitution contain to privileges leaning on the Turkish Cypriots. If they hadn’t aligned t hemselves with the British they may have entered independence jointly with the Greek Cypriots. They on their side showed little interest of the powers they were given under the Zurich constitution. Conscious of Turkish government support and Turkish troops in the island they were unyielding in claiming their rights as a separate group even in situations where these rights were unrealistic or conflicted with the state’s interests. The populace of the Turkish Cypriots was small but their leaders still insisted on having the 30% positions in the civil service though qualified people were unobtainable. Between 1960 and 1963, using their veto powers they utterly paralyzed the government (Amussen, 2008). This sparked president Makarios proposals The Greek Cypriots agreed that the constitution had to be revised and was not necessary to be a compromise with the Turkish Cypriots. They made a blunder and continued their discussion to reunite with Greece, a move that was prohibited by t heir constitution. Turkish had control of 40% of the island and was entitled to 30% of the civil service position, a 40% share in the army with just being 18% of the whole populace. The Greek Cypriot’s actions were even more fueled by this privileges the Turkish Cypriots were liable to in the constitution but had the Greek Cypriots been content with the status quo and accepted those privileges and let go of their desire for the union with Greece, then the Turkish Cypriots just might have been more receptive for some compromise (James, 2011). Nevertheless, this never happened. Instead the leader of the Greek Cypriots, president Makarios attempted to review thirteen amendments of the constitution. The Turkish Cypriot leaders and the Turkish government

Relationship Analysis in A Christmas Carol Essay

Relationship Analysis in A Christmas Carol - Essay Example In books, the tone of communication is enough to describe the relationship between two characters and the author does not need to explain the relationship separately. The analysis in this paper will be done in a similar manner, i.e. by considering the tone of communication between the characters. Thus, this analysis would show that the context and manner of communication define the relationship between the individuals communicating with each other. This is also one of the most important aspects of the interpersonal communication. The main character of the book is Ebenezer Scrooge who has been described as being a stingy and miser person who stays away from philanthropic activities and spends every penny after giving it a significant thought. Scrooge has no value for the acts of kindness or benevolence and all he cares about is accumulation of wealth. Jacob Marley was the business partner of Scrooge who has been disclosed to have been dead for seven years when the story starts to unfo ld. On the Christmas Eve in the 1840’s Scrooge is visited by the ghost of his dead business partner Jacob Marley who tries to convince Scrooge to change his ways. In the past, Marley has been described as being the only friend, administrator, business partner and mourner of Scrooge therefore it can be said that both the characters had a similar personality, i.e. they both had love for money. After seven years of the death of Marley, Scrooge is visited by the ghost of Marley. Initially the character of Marley does not communicate directly with Scrooge but makes Scrooge feel his appearance in different ways. He then appears in the fireplace in Scrooge’s bedroom. Ultimately, the ghost of Marley appears in front of Scrooge himself. This is where the first verbal communication between these two characters takes place. Initially the character of Scrooge responds coldly to the appearance of the ghost and asks what does the ghost wants from him. The ghost of Marley replies, â €Å"Much!† Scrooge then asks who the ghost was and Marley replies, â€Å"Ask me who I was.† The character of Marley then reminds Scrooge that he was his only friend in his life. Scrooge still remains doubtful but the manner of his dialogue suggests that he is not as cold as he was at his first reaction. He offers Marley a seat and remains unsure whether a ghost would need one. Scrooge remains skeptical whether Marley is real or not and the communication between the characters takes another turn when Scrooge behaves as if Marley is just a figment of his imagination and it is not a real ghost. At one point, Scrooge expresses to Marley that it must be something he had eaten that is playing tricks on his mind. The ghost of Marley lets out a cry that makes Scrooge so afraid he fell upon his knees and begged from mercy. Here, it can be said that the context of communication has changed completely as compared to where it started. Initially, the character of Scrooge was cold t owards the character of ghost Marley. Perception of the characters also plays an important part in the effectiveness of communication between two individuals. If the perceptions of individuals are similar, there would be effective communication between them as the receiver would understand what the sender is trying to communicate (Robbins, 2009). However, if there is difference in perceptions there would be distortion in the flow of communication and a lot of reconciliation would also be required. In this book, the character of

The European Union in International Commercial Negotiations Essay Example for Free

The European Union in International Commercial Negotiations Essay Commercial negotiation is negotiation in the context of a business setting such that it involves the management of commercial activities that includes contract negotiation and project management with the sole intention of making maximum returns from the same. This process allows for the development and creation of new business opportunities CITATION Bea00 l 1033 ( Beasor Steele, 2000). The job description of commercial negotiators includes an overviewing role in the whole sales process and to some extend responsible for the implementation of a detailed business sales plan. The overall role is to make sure they retrieve the best deal out of any business opportunity. It is therefore important for a commercial negotiator to have a grasp of the customers’ business needs in order to offer the required products and services demanded by the consumer. Commercial negotiation entails the following vital functions. Conducting market research of the different products by the business, analysis of data from the sale activities of a business, provision of financial reports to the senior management of the business and also to the different stakeholders of the enterprise. Another function is the identification of new opportunities for the business, commercial negotiation also includes reviewing and assessing opportunities for new businesses. Commercial negotiators play a critical role in the maximization of the revenue from the business. Commercial negotiation thus requires one to have the necessary skills to excel in the field. One needs to have great interpersonal skills that will enable them to easily interact with people. This is important in order to win and sell ideas to the people one interacts without stepping outside one mandate. Procedural and communication skills are necessary for commercial negotiators because of the constant flow of information from team members. One should also be accommodative of other team member’s opinions that are different from dependable as a commercial negotiator. Commercial negotiators play a pivotal role in the success of any business. A successful commercial negotiator brings together control elements and definitions and operates them efficiently. This means that a successful commercial negotiator will apply leadership skills already applied in the departmental running. The role of a commercial negotiator is to blend responsibilities related to project execution, planni ng, monitoring and achievement of the desired goals. For someone to be a successful manager they should have demonstrated ability to lead others and organize work CITATION Gat11 l 1033 (Gates, 2011). A commercial negotiator needs to have contact with other required resources. For projects that need coordination between divisions and departments, a commercial negotiator with contacts outside a single department is required. An aspiring commercial negotiator should ensure and develop contacts within the organizations departments to help run a project successfully. They should also be able to coordinate a diverse pool of resources. This would be achieved by working with different people from different backgrounds and disciplines. As an aspiring commercial negotiator, one should be able to supervise and delegate work in areas alien to their background. All this is possible by having a close rapport and teamwork. Procedural and communication skills. This is because of the constant flow of information from team members. One should also be accommodative of other team member’s opinions that are different from dependable as a commercial negotiator. Commercial negotiation skills and techniques in the western world (European Union) and China For one to do business abroad he has to understand the various cultures and practices that are accepted in the process of commercial negotiation. Before travelling to the European Union one has to consider the required etiquette that is observed and required in the meetings, negotiations and business protocol. Europeans are known to be humorless, stubborn, and aggressive they also pay attention to details. A successful business has to understand the cross cultural aspects to present the right etiquette. The Europeans are strictly formal while doing business and according to them it’s wrong to swap jokes or have informal chats when working. Europe is a significant trade partner for many states. Learning to do business in Europe and understanding their business practices, culture and etiquette improves skills and success of international business men CITATION Meu05 l 1033 ( Meunier, 2005).The first aspect of etiquette in Europe’s business spheres is Organization. They are usually uneasy with ambiguity and disorder. They lean towards conservatism and conformism they don’t like uncertainty so one has to have first-hand information and facts at hand. When doing business in Europe, one has to emphasize on careful planning. One has to consult and get a consensus before presenting his idea and opinions. European commercial negotiations appreciate statistics, facts and details and there is no room for mistakes and omissions. To observe business etiquette one has to avert risk and negate uncertainty. The stress on conformity and fear of risk makes them apprehensive and they guarantee security through risk analysis. This is ensured by keen deliberation and scrutiny based on factual evidence and not intuition. They prefer written documentation as it is the safest and objective for analysis. In communication the Chinese mind their privacy and they usually divide their private and public life. While communicating one has to be formal and stick to official duty. They don’t talk about their private lives as they are protective of personal issues. They prefer their communication to be short direct and straight to the point. They consider emotions unnecessary in conversations at the work place.They don’t talk out of context as they only stick to the issue at hand. The Chinese also prefer brief greetings and that’s why they only do short handshakes When several people are being introduced they take turns to greet each other and they avoid reaching out over someone’s hand. They find it rude to greet someone with one hand in the pocket and when women enter a room the men stand as a show of politeness. The men sit after all the women have taken their seats. The Chinese etiquette requires that people are addressed using Mr., Ms or Mrs. followed by the s urname. The only people who are allowed to use the first names are family members and very close friends. The Chinese culture also insists on the use of professional titles such as doctors, academics and others. One has to establish professional titles before any meeting. They use the surnames to maintain formality and respect CITATION Lam00 l 1033 ( Lam, 2000). Punctuality is another important aspect of etiquette in Europe. Punctuality is a serious issue as they value their time. The business people are usually under a lot of pressure and they plan for their time very well to meet their daily objectives. Being late shows disrespect for people and their time, it is also a show that the person is not interested or not serious about the business deal or meeting. The punctuality is seen as a sign of commitment to the business. Europeans also don’t mix humor with business affairs. If jokes are made they should be in context and tasteful. They usually have a very strict protocol in their meetings leaving little room for humor. They believe that when jokes are made during business then the meeting seizes to be formal. In doing business with Europeans one has to plan ahead the meetings should be booked two to three weeks in advance. They have a culture where they hold their meetings between eleven to one and three to five p.m. They avoid mee tings on Friday afternoons, during their regional festivities and the holiday months of July, December and August.Their meetings in most cases are usually formal, functional and they stick to the set agenda. The set start time and finish time are obeyed by all means so everything is done within the time limit. They prioritize business as they discourage relationship building and small talks CITATION Lam00 l 1033 ( Lam, 2000). They analyze commercial negotiation proposals thoroughly while considering every detail. They ensure the information and facts are provided in written and scientifically presented. They make logical conclusion basing on the empirical details. Decisions are not made based on the subject’s charm or marketing skills but they consider concrete facts and the accuracy found in the details. The Europeans are slow when it comes to making decisions hence the proceedings should not be rushed. They take their time as they try to furnish the decisions with additional information. Once a decision is reached they rarely change their mind regarding the same. They give respect priority and they give each other personal space in the work environment. They are not allowed to touch during meetings and business dealings. They don’t mix official meeting with social issues. They prefer official dressing when doing commercial negotiations .They rarely dress in casual clothes when working. Europeans trade show participants do not wear badges. Introductions are saved until the visitor shows interest. If the introduction is made too early they consider it superficial and intrusive. Europeans also don’t give their business cards quite easily. They value their privacy and in case they hand you one it should be treated as confidential and private. It should not be passed to another person without the owner’s permission. In calling the Europeans they take it offensively when they are not referred to by their title and name. Europeans shake hands to say hello and goodbye. The hand shake should be done using a firm grip. This is a show of respect and also it depicts the appreciation of the colleague. Women are the ones to be greeted first and not while seated. The men have to stand before they greet women this clearly shows the high level of respect they maintain in the working area. They also have a culture of maintaining eye contact. This is a show of confidence and legitimacy. In Germany company stability and long term commitment are top priorities. Europeans are usually curious about the company ownership, history and the product lines. References will be requested to prove honesty and reliability. Because of all this the process may be slow and trying to speed them up is considered rude and suspicious. Importance of Knowledge on Target Culture in Commercial Negotiation The influence of cultural diversity has major impacts on work relationships in most organizations commercial negotiation. The cross cultural occurrence affects communication between employees, causing confusion and thereafter results in misunderstanding in the workplace. It is therefore important for both managers and their employees to understand the target cultures’ communication process and recognize the sources of cross cultural conflicts. Depending on how they are managed, cross cultural conflicts may have either positive or negative outcomes. It is also important for managers to develop better skills that help in handling the complications caused by different cultures. Managers should be able to convert the problems of cultural diversity into strengths of the organization CITATION Bea00 l 1033 ( Beasor Steele, 2000). This is so to avoid getting in disputes in different cross-cultural platforms. As a commercial negotiator it is important to identify and address any underlying disputes or conflicts before anything goes wrong at the workplace. I have made it clear to my employees of the expected behaviors at the work place and most importantly during their interactions with foreign customers. As a negotiator one is the greatest ally but greatest obstacle to effective management of my employees. One has to closest to the junior managers who need to adapt to the new behaviors and cultures associated with management programs. Getting supervisors and managers on board and taking the lead in supporting cultural diversity is an important aspect of my commercial negotiation skills. This will ensure that employees are given an opportunity and platform to interact and raise any issues or concerns that they might have. Most importantly, employees should be given a chance to develop their own competencies and skills for enhancing cultural sensitivity among other employees in the company. As a commercial negotiator working in a multicultural company, it has been necessary for me to develop my skills in cross-cultural conflict management which affects productivity in the long run. Cross-cultural disputes have often lead to voluntary employment termination. These conflicts resulted in the loss of working time and loss of morale CITATION Bea00 l 1033 ( Beasor Steele, 2000). References   Beasor, T., Steele, P. (2000). Business Negotiation: A Practical Workbook. London: Gower Publishing, Ltd. Lam, M. L.-L. (2000). Working with Chinese Expatriates in Business Negotiations: Portraits, Issues, and Applications. Greenwood Publishing Group. Meunier, S. (2005). Trading Voices: The European Union in International Commercial Negotiations. Princeton : Princeton University Press. Adoranti, F. (2006). The Managers Guide to Understanding Commercial Contract Negotiation. New York: Global Professional Publishers. Burke, W. (n.d.). An examination of the commercial principles of the late negotiation between Great Britain and France in MDCCLXI: In which the system of that negotiation with regard to our colonies and commerce is considered (Google eBook). Printed for R. and J. Dodsley. Fox, W. F. (2009). International Commercial Agreements: A Primer on Drafting, Negotiating, and Resolving Disputes. Kluwer Law International. Gates, S. (2011). The Negotiation Book: Your Definitive Guide To Successful Negotiating. New York: John Wiley Sons. Marsh, P. D. (2001). Contract Negotiation Handbook. London: Gower Publishing, Ltd. Pye, L. W. (1990). Chinese Commercial Negotiating Style. Hong Kong: Oelgeschlager, Gunn Hain, Publishers. Ward, D. (2012). Contract Negotiation Handbook: Getting the Most Out of Commercial Deals. New York: John Wiley Sons. Source document

Concept of Servant Leadership Overview and Analysis

Concept of Servant Leadership Overview and Analysis A new moral principle is emerging which holds that the only authority deserving ones allegiance is that which is freely and knowingly granted by the led to the leader in response to, and in proportion to, the clearly evident servant stature of the leader. Those who choose to follow this principle will not casually accept the authority of existing institutions. Rather, they will freely respond only to Individuals who are chosen as leaders because they are proven and trusted servants. To the extent that this principle prevails in the future, the only truly viable institutions will be those that are predominantly servant-led. ~ Robert K. Greenleaf Introduction In the current environment, confidence has been shaken in business leadership (i.e Enron,Worldcom Anglo), such that interest has been increasing in the development of leaders who set aside self-interest for the betterment of their followers and organisations (Goleman et al, 2005). Bennis (2002, p. 105) stresses that leaders must generate trust while others (Fayol, 1949; Ciulla, 1998) emphasise that leaders must practice management that does not violate moral principles. There are many concepts of leadership in the literature such as transformational, transactional, leader-member exchange (LMX), psychodynamic and servant leadership. These are just concepts and it is important to quickly discuss the differences and similarities of some of the more popular concepts from the point of view of servant leadership. Paterson Russell (2004) juxtaposed transformational and servant leadership and found that while there are many similarities between the two, it is the moral grounding of servant leadership which makes it distinctive. Conger (1990) argued that there can be a dark side to leadership. For example, leaders who are driven to accomplish their visions may ignore problems and misrepresent the realism of their visions. Clements and Washbush (1999) specifically assailed transformational leadership models for having overlooked potentially negative issues in leader-follower dynamics. Similarly, Kets de Vries (1993) cited personality problems that can lead to poor leader-follower relationships. For example, some leaders have narcissistic tendencies they thrive on power and enjoy manipulation. Some followers have dependent dispositions and form strong connections to leaders who satisfy their dependency needs (Kets de Vries, 1989). Such imperfect human tendencies can lead to problems among charismatic leaders and their followers. History is replete with examples of political, religious, business, and other charismatic leaders who have manipulated their followers. Charisma may have allowed them to ascend to leadership positions, but they ultimately used their charisma in oppressive ways. Of course, such leaders whose standards are poor really function outside the genre of the ideal transformational leadership paradigm. Since servant leaders do not rely on charisma, the risk of manipulation in this form of leadership comes from a different source. Servant leaders rely upon service, and in so doing, they endear the followers to the leaders in reciprocal relationships. Cialdini (2001) identified reciprocation as a primary means by which to influence people. According to the principle of reciprocation, when you do something for another person they are psychologically obliged to return the favour. Optimally, servant leaders have motives that have the best interest of others in mind. Therefore, they should develop a positive form of reciprocation whereby they encourage followers to respond not by serving the leader but by serving others. Of course, this law of reciprocity can potentially be used negatively. Persons, who seek to be servant leaders, but have poor motives, can take advantage of others by inducing them to return acts of service. Such self-centred service can rapidly degenerate into a form of manipulation that can be more subtly coercive than overt exploitive behaviour. However, those who use service for manipulative purposes abdicate the real responsibility of genuine servant leadership. Clearly, both transformational leadership and servant leadership, like other leadership models, have potentially negative aspects. Yet the benefits of the two concepts far outweigh their negative side (Patterson Russell, 2004). Servant leaders, however, derive influence from service itself. They develop relationships where followers are encouraged to follow their lead of service. Paterson et al, (2003) notes that servant-power is a category of influence outside the traditional kinds of power. Real servant hood is a leadership style that relies upon the influence of self-giving without self-glory. Some empirical evidence supports the distinctiveness of servant leadership from related leadership theories. For example, Ehrhart (2004) reported that servant leadership significantly predicted an additional 5% of the variance in employee commitment, 7% of the variance in satisfaction with supervisor, 4% of the variance in perceived supervisor support, and 8% of the variance in procedural justice above and beyond that of both leader-member exchange and transformational leadership. Similarly, Liden et al. (2008) reported that servant leadership behaviour explained variance in citizenship behaviour and in-role performance beyond that predicted by leader-member exchange and transformational leadership Liden et al (2008) evaluated the leadership style servant leadership which is based on the premise that to bring out the best in their followers, leaders rely on one-on-one communication to understand the abilities, needs, desires, goals, and potential of those individuals. With knowledge of each followers unique characteristics and interests, leaders then assist followers in achieving their potential. Servant leadership differs from traditional approaches to leadership in that it stresses personal integrity and focuses on forming strong long-term relationships with employees. It also is unique in that it extends outside the organization-servant leaders serve multiple stakeholders, including their communities and society as a whole (Graham, 1991) Neubert et al (2008) looked at the effects of servant leadership as a variable in the amount of regulatory focus the employee has. Their results supported the theory that servant leadership significantly induces promotion-orientated regulatory focus. Regulatory focus theory (RFT) stems from the notion that people are motivated to minimize discrepancies between actual and desired end states (i.e., seek pleasure) and maximize the discrepancy between actual and undesired end states (i.e., avoid pain) (Meyer, Becker, Vandeberghe, 2004, p. 996). The orientation toward seeking pleasure is considered a promotion focus, whereas the orientation toward avoiding pain is considered a prevention focus (Higgins, 1997). Compared with prevention-focused individuals, promotion-focused individuals are more likely to focus attention on (a) nurturance needs rather than security needs (Higgins et al., 1994), (b) hopes and aspirations rather than rules and responsibilities (Higgins et al., 1994), and (c) gains rather than losses (Shah, Higgins, Friedman, 1998). Paterson, Parolinni Winston (2003) have developed a working theory of servant leadership that creates a platform for more specific research by defining the values on which servant leadership is based values she calls the component constructs of leadership. In Pattersons view, popular leadership theories such as transformational leadership have not adequately explained the values for example, altruism that are sometimes demonstrated by leaders. According to Patterson and Russell (2004), Transformational leadership shows leaders focused on the organization, and is insufficient to explain behaviour that is altruistic in nature, or follower-focused; thus servant leadership theory, which is follower focused, explains such behaviour(p. 353). These virtues or morals are qualitative characteristics that are part of ones character, something that is internal, almost spiritual (Whetstone, 2001). Robert K. Greenleaf (1904-1990) is credited with initiating the servant leadership concept among modern organizational theorists. In Greenleafs (1977) opinion, leadership must primarily meet the needs of others. The focus of servant leadership is on others rather than upon self and on understanding of the role of the leader as a servant (Greenleaf, 1977). Self-interest should not motivate servant leadership; rather, it should ascend to a higher plane of motivation (Greenleaf, 1977). The servant leaders primary objective is to serve and meet the needs of others, which optimally should be the prime motivation for leadership (Russell and Stone, 2002). Servant leaders provide vision, gain credibility and trust from followers, and influence others (Farling et al., 1999). James Dittmar (2006) interviewed Larry Spears, the president CEO for the Greenleaf centre for servant leadership and concluded that Robert Greenleafs writings incorporated ten major attributes of servant leadership. These included: Listening; Empathy; Healing; Awareness; Persuasion; Conceptualization; Foresight; Stewardship; Commitment to the growth of people; and Building community. As you will see in the next section, certain dimensions of servant leadership can be observed in the workplace and has some have some academic grounding. Walumbwa et al (2010) conducted a detailed investigation of servant leadership, procedural justice climate, service climate and organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB). Their research looked at the extent to which servant leaders recognise their moral responsibility to the success of the organisation as well as the success of their subordinates, the organisations customers and other stakeholders. Their hypothesis that Servant leadership positively relates to organizational citizenship behaviour was supported as servant leadership significantly predicted OCB While servant leadership is an increasingly popular concept, throughout much of its history the concept has been systematically undefined and lacking in empirical support (Farling et al., 1999). In an attempt to give cohesion to the development of a theory, Russell and Stone (2002) established a practical model for servant leadership. They also identified functional and accompanying attributes of servant leadership Servant leadership dimensions According to Russell and Stone (2002) the servant leadership literature offers an inconsistent set of dimensions that define this construct and as a consequence, their exhaustive research was designed to define and validate the dimensions that constitute servant leadership as a construct. Based on their interpretation of servant leadership as well as existing taxonomies of servant they identified nine dimensions: Emotional healing-the act of showing sensitivity to others personal concerns Creating value for the community-a conscious, genuine concern for helping the community Conceptual skills-possessing the knowledge of the organization and tasks at hand so as to be in a position to effectively support and assist others, especially immediate followers Empowering-encouraging and facilitating others, especially immediate followers, in identifying and solving problems, as well as determining when and how to complete work tasks Helping subordinates grow and succeed-demonstrating genuine concern for others career growth and development by providing support and mentoring Putting subordinates first-using actions and words to make it clear to others (especially immediate followers) that satisfying their work needs is a priority Behaving ethically-interacting openly, fairly, and honestly with others Relationships-the act of making a genuine effort to know, understand, and support others in the organization, with an emphasis on building long-term relationships with immediate followers Servant hood-a way of being marked by ones self-categorization and desire to be characterized by others as someone who serves others first, even when self-sacrifice is required Their scale delivered a Cronbachs alpha = .8. Constructs of servant leadership According to Russell and Stone (2002) the following construct of servant leadership by Patterson (2003), were central to their servant leader dimension creation: Agapao love; a love derived from the virtues of their religious beliefs Acts with humility; Is altruistic; Is visionary for the followers; Is trusting; Is serving; and Empowers followers. Leadership in the African context Issah Huseini is Ghanaian in birth and has been living in Ireland for the last 12 years. A devote Muslim, his moral beliefs have been leveraged through his religious teachings. These unique characteristics will be discussed later however it is important to discuss leadership in the African and cultural context. To date, servant leadership has been discussed and described almost entirely in the American context (Farling et al., 1999). Unfortunately, there have been few efforts to examine the extent to which followers in the USA actually report having experienced servant leadership while working in a leader-follower relationship. Hale Fields (2007) explored the concept of servant leadership in a Ghanaian context and found that while there are many aspects of servant leadership that are similar to leader attributes that may be endorsed across cultures such as motive arousing, confidence building, team building and foresight, some differences among cultures may limit the extent to which the servant leadership approach is viewed as effective. For example, servant leadership often focuses on follower development with the intention of increasing follower capacity to exercise creative approaches and take on greater responsibilities at work. However, these efforts may be viewed as effective primarily in settings where the ability and willingness of followers to exercise initiative and direct their own activities is viewed as desirable (Fields et al., 2006; Hofstede, 2001). In more individualistic and lower power distance cultures such as the USA, leaders who help equip followers to take initiative and undertake cre ative solutions on their own tend to be viewed very positively (Hale Fields 2007). However, in higher power distance cultures, leaders whose followers take initiative on their own without waiting for explicit direction may be seen as weak leaders (Hofstede, 2001). In cultures which are more collective, followers may be not feel comfortable with leaders who emphasize follower individual initiative and creativity because these are viewed as being best accomplished through group discussion and decisions. Given the rich diversity of Sub-Saharan Africa, one must approach any generalization of cultural expressions with caution. However, some African scholars maintain that there are identifiable Sub-Saharan African cultural characteristics (Lassiter, 2000). Through his survey of numerous African thinkers, Lassiter (2000) organized these cultural characteristics into five broad categories: psychological characteristics society and the individual family and community worldview Response to foreign influences. Traditional Sub-Saharan African leadership centres on the concept of kingship. Masango (2003) points out that the hierarchy in African society is well defined, with the king at the top of the structure. However, kingship in pre-colonial times was not the autocratic dictatorship that appeared in the colonial and post colonial periods (Masango, 2003; Williams, 2003). Rather, in earlier periods, followers expected the king to function as a servant to the clan, tribe or community (Williams, 2003). In essence, the kingdom was more important than the king. Historical examples document the removal of kings who became a detriment to the kingdom (Williams, 2003). The king used influence to build consensus (Masango, 2003). Finally, the king was the religious leader and guardian of the kingdoms religious heritage (Williams, 2003). Leadership Trust in the not-for profit sector While the notion of trust is not exclusively attached to servant leadership and may be considered a key element in all leadership models, servant leadership has been particularly considered as strongly associated with trust (De Pree, 1997; Joseph and Winston, 2005; Russell, 2001), that is through servant leader exhibit and translate their personal integrity into organizational fidelity (De Pree, 1997, p. 127). Greenleaf (1977) maintained that trust is a building block for servant leaders, who in turn foster environments of trust. In their study of leaders in for-profit and not-for profit organizations in America and West Indies, Joseph and Winston (2005) reported positive correlation between employees perceived level of organizational servant leadership and leader trust, and between their perceived level of servant leadership and organizational trust. Relationships built on trust and services are the basis for the influence of servant leadership (Joseph and Winston, 2005). Greenleaf (1977) advanced that trust was central to servant leadership since leadership legitimacy begins with trust. He noted that the only sound basis for trust is for people to have the solid experience of being served by their institutions (p. 83). He asserted further that in servant leadership, leadership is bestowed upon persons who are trusted because of their stature as servants (p. 24). Servant leaders are trusted because they empathize with and fully accept followers (p. 35), because of their dependability, which results from their exceptional intuitive insight (p. 56), and because they lead by example (p. 342). Trust and respect are highest in circumstances where a community is created through service in which the liability of each for the other and all for one is unlimited (p. 52). Greenleaf (1977) posited that institutional trust is created when the ir trustees (leaders) reach distinction as servants who understand the institution and care for all the persons touched by it (p. 100). Greenleaf (1977) stated that leaders hold the responsibility for the level and type of institutional performance that would merit trust (p. 127-8). Therefore, from Greenleafs perspective, servant leadership is both a product and an antecedent of leader and organizational trust. This may be due to the fact that servant leadership increases perceptions of leader trustworthiness, which has a reciprocal relationship to leader trust. Interview Issah Huseini is CEO and one of the founding members of the grassroots charity the new communities partnership (NCP); an independent national network of 116 ethnic minority led groups comprising of 75 nationalities with offices in Dublin, Cork and Limerick. The mission of NCP is to be an effective network, representing and empowering ethnic minority-led groups, at all levels, in order to influence positive change in policies that impact on their lives. The flat structure of NCP is comprised in a flat manner which links in with ethnic led minority organizations (ELMO) communities such as the Afghan and Cameroon communities to provide support and training. There are now over 120 ELMO communities under the auspicious of the NCP (appendix B) which is supported by Russell Stones (2002) argument that building relationships is an important characteristic of servant leadership. One of NCPs mission statements is empowerment where We believe in our capacity to define our own needs, articulate our hopes and fears and represent ourselves locally, regionally and nationally (retrieved from http://www.newcommunities.ie/about/mission.html on January 5, 2011). I began by asking Mr. Huseini why he decided part company with Cairde and set up his own company the NCP. Mr. Huseini described that the reason was twofold. Firstly the degree of freedom and range of services were limited and they felt that they were not providing enough services to their ELMOs. This idea is supported by supported by Russell Stones (2002) assumption that creating value for the community by having a conscious, genuine concern for helping the community is a significant dimension of servant leadership. Secondly he illustrated the underlying worries that their clients held because as he put it: some of the people we work with are some of the most disadvantaged in society. Some of them are illegal and shouldnt even be here. We found that these people didnt trust us as they believed we were agents of the government. Certain constructs of servant leadership would support this statement as Patterson (2003) describes acting with humility, is trusting and is altruistic, whil e meeting the needs of others (Greenleaf, 1977). As a follow up question I asked what kind of services he expected to deliver and what he actually was giving to his clients. He began by explaining the power politics involved in working with such an institution (Cairde) was very frustrating. There were certain governmental regulations that narrowed the scope to which Cairde could deliver services. For example, they were very limited in how much involvement we could have in regards to immigration, visas, green cards etc and felt that they were not satisfying the needs of ELMOs. Again this fits in with various researchers positions that a core responsibility of servant leaders is to act and behave ethically (Russell Stone, 2002; Greenleaf 1977; Dittmar, 2006; Fayol, 1949). Continuing on from this Mr. Huseini explained the following services the NCP provides: capacity building in terms of forums, workshop, seminars and community cafes, training support for ELMOs both in terms of leadership training and media and training, secondary lobbying governments on issues of concern, conducting scholarly and legal research on topics of educations and law reform, advocacy services and many more day to day services that cannot be categorized. Paterson et als (2003) statement that: that servant-power is a category of influence outside the traditional kinds of power. Real servant hood is a leadership style that relies upon the influence of Self-giving without self-glory. (p. 280) would support this kind of multi-faceted support system. Moving away from the external stakeholders, questioning then focused on the internal dynamics of the organisation. In particular (after clarifying the meaning of regulatory focus) i asked him if he saw his employees tendencies to seek promotion was as a result of his leadership style or whether there was a degree of commitment in general to the organisation. Mr. Huseini contemplated this and explained that many of the employees were hired through employment schemes which were generally unpaid such as FAS and the Dublin city council. While at the same time he indicated that the office is so small that there was no opportunity for advancement although he did highlight that he thought he employees were generally committed to the cause. Therefore Neubert et als (2008) assertion employees promotion-orientated regulatory focus is because of the servant leadership nature of the organisation is not supported however the marginal declaration that his employees are committed to the company is supported by Ehrharts (2004) findings. Finally I wanted to establish if there was a spiritual or religiously underpinning to his leadership style. Mr Huseini concurred as he described how he started out as a taxi driver in Dublin and although he witnessed many activities he disapproved of he still maintained a level of honesty and integrity (Patterson Russell, 2004). He went on to describe how Islam has kept my head on my shoulders insisting that the laws of Muhammad have guided me through some difficult times. This statement is supported by Whetonsone (2001) as he describes these characteristics that are part of ones character, as something that is internal, almost spiritual. While Patterson concurs that Agapao love a love derived from the virtues of their religious beliefs are a construct of servant leadership.